A Woman’s Place in Society Explored in Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll Essay

     Society has a method of setting ridiculous desires on ladies. By utilizing TV, magazines, boards, and even toys we see a form of what ladies should resemble. At the end of the day the ideal lady should seem as though a Barbie Doll. In Marge Piercy’s, â€Å"Barbie Doll,† we discover a young lady youngster growing up through the puberty stage portrayed by appearances and barbarity. Piercy utilizes bunches of symbolism to depict the battles the young lady encounters during her adolescent years and the impacts that can occur.      In the principal refrain we see the start of a perfect picture being recolored in the young ladies mind. She was â€Å"...presented dolls that peed pee and smaller than normal GE stoves and irons and small lipsticks the shade of cherry candy† (2-4). By being introduced these blessings the young ladies guardians have just imparted a representation of what the ideal lady resembles and the young lady is as of now learning her place in the public arena. The sonnet was written in 1936. Nowadays ladies were still observed as items and not so much individuals. Their place was in the kitchen and dealing with the children. Piercy has painted a picture to the peruser of a young lady playing with toy ovens and irons and wearing red lipstick to make herself beautiful.      The tone of the sonnet takes a move in the direction of a progressively strong articulation when the creator utilizes â€Å"...the enchantment of puberty† (5) to depict the age where appearance becomes effective. The young lady was offended by a cohort who offered embarrassing remarks about her nose and...

Prince Of Machiavelli Essays - Philosophy, Politics,

Sovereign Of Machiavelli All the states, all the domains, under whose power men have lived in the past and live currently have been and are either republics or territories. In Machiavelli's, The Prince, ageless keys to a fruitful territory are inspected. The keys are understanding human instinct, regarding that nature, and reaffirming that fruitful initiative can exist in a similar manner yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Machiavelli's point of view of human instinct is established on the rule that individuals all in all don't need their way of life changed by an outside impact. Machiavelli shows in the book that the idea of individuals is to guard what their identity is. At the point when the sovereign endeavors to change their culture in any capacity the subjects will do any number of things to smash this endeavor or even change the initiative. In the event that a ruler utilizes power to attempt to change individuals this will prompt threatening vibe, on the grounds that as Machiavellis says, they stay, vanquished, in their own homes. This fundamental certainty will prompt a disobedience or the like. One way this resistance can happen is the point at which a ground-breaking outsider attacks the territory. The now vanquished individuals will join this amazing outsider, with the expectation that their way of life will currently be regarded, to oust the sovereign. At the point when the sovereign attempts to utilize power to control the individuals it just makes adversaries. Machiavelli clarifies this part of human instinct when he expresses, he hurts the entire state by billeting his military in various pieces of the nation, everybody experiences this inconvenience, and everyone is transformed into an adversary. On the difference if a sovereign permits the individuals to keep their traditions Machiavelli expresses that the individuals will stay content when he states, For the rest, inasmuch as their old lifestyles are undisturbed and there is no disparity in customs, men live unobtrusively. Another characteristic inclination of individuals accompanies opportunity. When they have had a sample of opportunity, they for all intents and purposes can't live without it. This sentiment of command over one's life is a quality that when shaped is about difficult to reshape. Machiavelli affirms this thought when he expresses, a city used to opportunity can be all the more handily managed through its own citizens...than in some other manner. a similar propensity lies in the control that the ruler increases over the individuals in the territory. When the sovereign has control he sees that surrendering control as incredibly troublesome. That is the reason preferably a ruler would groups various characteristics to discover accomplishment as a pioneer. Just through a comprehension of the idea of his subjects, having a capacity to control his subjects, and having the way to safeguard his subjects canthe ruler genuinely locate the general key to make the way for maintaining the standards of handy authority. At the point when a ruler comprehends the idea of the individuals it is simpler for him to enter the land. Machiavelli composes of the Romans also, how they built up their realm, the Aetolians once brought the Romans into Greece; and in each other nation they attacked, the Romans were acquired by the occupants. Because the Romans comprehended human instinct their development into power was unchallenged. Once in power it is fundamental for the ruler to be ready to control the individuals. I state that a sovereign must need to have a notoriety for empathy instead of brutality: none the less, he should be cautious that he doesn't utilize empathy. When Machiavelli composed this he was plotting the way to controlling the individuals. The sovereign should have the option to keep the individuals joined together, and faithful to him and simultaneously guarantee regard for the laws by imparting a dread for discipline. One of Machiavelli's generally utilized instances of a fruitful ruler is Cesare Borgia. It is basic to be dreaded not detested and on account of Borgia his priest Remirro de Orco rebuffed law breakers in a brutal manner that prompted individuals abhorring Borgia. To make a sentiment of dread for discipline as opposed to scorn for the sovereign Borgia chose to rebuff his priest for all to see. One morning, Remirro's body was discovered cut in two pieces on the piazza at Cesena, with a square of wood and a wicked blade adjacent to it. The mercilessness of this specticle kept the individuals of the Romagna without a moment's delay mollified. Finally, when control has been built up the sovereign is currently committed to guard the individuals. This lone gets through a solid military. Machiavelli accepts that the military is basic to

Upon Looking Back At Our YED Dishes, We Noticed Some Areas Of Bacteria

After glancing back at our YED dishes, we saw a few regions of microscopic organisms developing on the external edges of the plate just as an awful pervaded all through the room. The main indications of cross defilement that we watched happened when the diploid strains out developed their regarded cells and started to move onto different cells zones. In any case, this was no reason to get excited in light of the fact that we had just recorded our perceptions and not, at this point required the plates. Conversation: The procedure of explicitly multiplication between stains of yeast starts with haploid gametes. The gametes code for predominant and passive attributes which on gave to the people to come. In this present lab's case, the R genotype coded for shading with a cream shading being predominant and red shading being latent. The T genotypes coded for the capacity to develop in a MVA domain with development being predominant and not becoming being latent. The haploid gametes consolidate together and created diploid posterity which incorporates characteristics from both haploid gametes. Be that as it may, the predominant and latent attributes decide the shading and development of the diploid posterity. My outcomes totally strengthen the standards of predominant and latent characteristics in sexual proliferation in that my accomplice I watched development and shading designs that were indistinguishable from our anticipated phenotypes in the speculation. For the shading phenotype p roportion we excluded 4 12 cells with red development or 1:3 proportion. Concerning the development on MVA phenotype proportion we again excluded 4 of 12 cells that didn't develop on the MVA or 1:3 proportion. My gathering gathered such precise date since we fastidiously ensured that tainting was kept to least. This lab has matches with Mendal's trials with peas. Mendal found that when two qualities of a couple are various alleles, one is completely communicated or predominant and different has no impact on or is latent. Mendal likewise found that the original of posterity creates the whole prevailing attribute. Be that as it may, the second era of a mixture cross produces posterity in a 3:1 proportion where the predominant alleles are communicated multiple times for each one passive allele. This must imply that the haploid gametes speak to the original and the diploid provinces must speak to the second era of posterity since they created posterity in a 3:1 proportion. End: My gathering's outcomes fortify the theory for the phenotypes. Our posterity in the YED plate developed with 4 out of 12 cells delivering red development for a 1:3 proportion. When we moved the diploid strains onto the MVA plate, once more, 4 out of 12 didn't develop or 1:3. These outcomes reflect great lab work, however propositions likewise correspond with Mendal's standards of legacy. Book reference After glancing back at our YED dishes, we saw a few regions of microbes developing on the external edges of the plate just as an awful saturated all through the room. The main indications of cross pollution that we watched happened when the diploid strains out developed their regarded cells and started to move onto different cells territories. Be that as it may, this was no reason to worry since we had just recorded our perceptions and not, at this point required the plates. Conversation: The procedure of explicitly multiplication between stains of yeast starts with haploid gametes. The gametes code for predominant and passive attributes which on gave to the people to come. In this current lab's case, the R genotype coded for shading with a cream shading being predominant and red shading being passive. The T genotypes coded for the capacity to develop in a MVA situation with development being prevailing and not becoming being passive. The haploid gametes join together and delivered diploid posterity which incorporates attributes from both haploid gametes. Nonetheless, the prevailing and passive characteristics decide the shading and development of the diploid posterity. My outcomes totally fortify the standards of prevailing and latent characteristics in sexual propagation in that my accomplice I watched development and shading designs that were indistinguishable from our anticipated phenotypes in the theory. For the shading phenotype proportion we exclu ded 4 12 cells with red development or 1:3 proportion. With respect to the development on MVA phenotype proportion we again excluded 4 of 12 cells that didn't develop on

Discuss Some Of The Accounting Aspects Balance Sheet, Revenues - 550 Words

Discuss Some Of The Accounting Aspects: Balance Sheet, Revenues, Cost, And Expenses (Research Paper Sample) Content: Accounting AspectsUniversity Affiliation:Name:1. Balance Sheet and Income Statement:A Balance sheet is the most important document since it shows the financial position of the company. It gives a summary of the companys assets, equity, and liabilities. The balance sheet shows how the company is using its assets and managing its liabilities in its quest of making a profit.The income statement only shows the profit or loss accrued by the company over a given period of time which can be monthly, quarterly or yearly. It is an indicator of the performance whether the company has made a profit or a loss. The cash flow statement is an indicator of the flow of cash in the company showing where the cash of the company came from and where it went.2. Revenues, cost, and expenses.RevenueThe revenue increases the owners equity through the companys sale of products or services. This also is seen in the increase in cash or the accounts receivable from the customers. This is po ssible when the company selling has met the requirements in the agreement with the potential buyer who is committed to paying for the goods or services. The company then delivers the ordered goods and received payment on delivery by the buyer. The flow of revenue takes place on the completion of sale agreement by the seller and not the flow of cash.Cost and expensesThe company producing goods and offering services often incur some costs in coming up with the goods and in the provision of the services. Consumers of goods and services usually agree to pay for the price which is the amount deemed necessary and satisfactory for the transaction. The difference in the sale price and the cost is the gross margin which the company usually aim to gain profit. The cost of goods sold is portrayed in the income statements as other costs.Expenses are incurred in the operations of the company in its quest of staying in business and generating revenues. The operating expenses come into being when the company has obligation to pay them. The expenses at the end of the year for a company includes the cost of equipment and the life assets purchased in the prior years. The cost allocations are known as the operating revenue and often referred to as a depreciation.3. Financial Statement and Ratio Analysis.Financial statements users often use the financial ratios in developing insights into the performance of compa...

The Bowler Hat Visual Culture - 1997 Words

The bowler hat has been a part of visual culture ever since it was designed and created during the reign of Queen Victoria in 1849 for Edward Coke, a British soldier and politician. Since then the bowler hat has become symbolic in visual and popular culture, being featured in books, films and logos, as well as being used within politics in order to relate to other classes, as well as bypassing gender stereotypes. These hats were originally used as head protection for gamekeepers as their previous headgear – the passing trees kept knocking off the top hat as they rode on horseback. The hat itself became popularised with almost all classes, bypassing the stereotypes that had been present beforehand, which coincidentally has occurred in the form of bypassing gender stereotypes as well. The bowler hat has become a prominent feature in films, books and logos. A notable character that wears one is Oddjob (pictured on the right) who owns a steel rimmed bowler hat that is sharp enough to decapitate a statue. This has been said to represent the idea of him resisting and throwing back the idea of oppression, fighting back and taking a stand against a higher power. â€Å"†¦Oddjob flings back at his Western adversaries the murderousness of their own culture† (Robinson, 1993). This description made by Robinson highlights the power that the hat itself resembles – it holds the power to reverse traditional roles that the hat originally represented. Likewise, in a Clockwork Orange by AnthonyShow MoreRelatedHip Hop vs Punk1052 Words   |  5 Pagesto a few varieties among Hip Hop fashion according to their respective generations and choice of self-expression through the four pillars of Hip Hop which are Bboying (dance), MC/Rap (music), DJ (music) and Graffiti Art (visual art). 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My Last Duchess and On the Departure Platform Essay Example For Students

My Last Duchess and On the Departure Platform Essay I am contrasting the poems, My Last Duchess and On the Departure Platform. Both poems, although are written in very much contrasting styles, share a central theme of loss and separation of a women. It must be taken into consideration that these poems would have been written in the 19th Century when society may still have been very patriarchal. The attitudes towards relationships would have been very much centred on the male being the decision making partner emphasising this feeling of a patriarchal society. However these themes in themselves, contrast also. My Last Duchess, by Robert Browning is written in the style of whats known as a dramatic monologue. It is called that because it consists entirely of the words of a single speaker who reveals in his speech his own nature and the dramatic situation in which he finds himself. The dramatic monologue reveals its own place and time as it proceeds to uncover the psychology of the speaker at a significant moment in his or her life. The use of this dramatic monologue allows the reader to get into the mind of the character which is vital for understanding this poem. In this dramatic monologue, the subject is the Dukes last Duchess who he is talking about and not portraying her too kindly. The obvious observation to be made from the title and from the opening couple of lines, is that the Duchess is dead, My Last Duchess. A very important observation is also in the word my, implying that there was a sense of ownership on the side of the Duke towards the Duchess. This purely amplifies the sense of living in a patriarchal society. The Dukes attitude towards the Duchess is very hostile. The depth and passion of its earnest glance. This tells the reader that the Duke was jealous of the Duchess and she must have had many admirers. We also hear of how the Duke was very suspicious of his wife, Her husbands presence only, called that spot. This means he may have been suspecting her of cheating on him. The reader gets the idea that the Duke did not believe his wife loved him enough to deserve him. He treats her almost as an object, a possession of his, of which he decides what happens to. He describes a lack of respect, as if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred years old name, with anybodies gift. This portrays the Duchess as the kind of woman who doesnt judge people on their name, or on their rank in society, but on the kind of people they actually are. This would make the reader feel that the Dukes complaints against the Duchess are very unfair. She was obviously a kind, gentle and emotional woman who had many admirers. This, if anything helps the reader gather an accurate idea of the Duke as being a lonely, selfish and arrogant man. He was in fact so out of touch with himself that he had his wife killed, I gave commands. This continues the theme of loss and separation seen in both poems, but here, the example is about ruthlessness of the Duke in ordering the death of his wife. This shows his lack of love for women and respect for the opposite sex, portraying a poor attitude. However one could argue that the Duke does have a really strong love for his wife. His choice of getting his wife painted by Fra Pandolf (a renaissance artist) must be considered a signal that he found his wife beautiful and must have loved her deep. .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d , .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .postImageUrl , .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d , .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:hover , .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:visited , .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:active { border:0!important; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:active , .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1a7f921968d5f70714b37505608cf93d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dead Poets Society Summary and Context EssayHis decision to keep the painting hung up in his place of residence is an indication that he is not ashamed of her and what she did, showing he does not detest her, although she wounded him deeply. Perhaps, killing her was a bit too extreme but I believe the Dukes belief was that his wife was either his, or no-ones which is quite harsh but is a true reflection on the society in which the poem is set. Thomas Hardys poem On the Departure Platform is a poem of separation and loss of a loved one. Unlike in My Last Duchess, this poem deals with this theme in a more contrasting way. The narrator may well be the poet himself looking at the departure of the lady in white, white being used to indicate her purity, wee white spot, soft white array. Another voice is introduced in the final stanza, which suggests this departure is a memory which the narrator is holding on to. He may be thinking of a past wife, as in My Last Duchess. This is where the two poems familiarise, however the character in Hardys poem has a much more 21st Century attitude toward women and treats them as free equals of society. The relationship between the two characters would have been very strong and the reader gets the idea that he loved her very much. One very important point which must be taken into account is the point is the phrase in line 2 of the first stanza, she left me, which not only implies that the woman was the one who decided to leave but it is followed by a comma, which adds effect and acts as a caesura, breaking up the line and adding emphasis on the point that she left him. This acts as a contrast to the first poem again as it shows the women was the one who decided to leave, undermining the old fashioned approach the relationships, where the female would have no say. The use of contrasts such as gentle and rough, far and near adds effect to this already troubled relationship. It creates a feeling of awkwardness. It could also represent what could have been and what it is. Hardys use of words such as disappear and vanish indicates that this may not have been a mutual split. Maybe the women in the poem may have found a new lover or the man was unfaithful. She will appear again in the fifth stanza indicates she is going to return , perhaps in the same soft white array, meaning maybe just as beautiful and pure as before, but never as then, indicating the relationship between the two will never be the same again. By using caesura to break down the poem in its ABAB rhyming pattern, it is possible to slow down time, also by using repetition, for example in the first stanza moment by moment, smaller and smaller. It is also possible to heighten the emotion of the poem adding effect. To sum up, I believe that both of the narrators in both poems have very contrasting attitudes towards women and relationships. The Duke in My Last Duchess is possessed. He is jealous. His wife, the Duchess is seeing other men out of friendship. She lets painters such as Fra Pandolf paint beautiful paintings of her, yet the Duke is not satisfied and arranges for her killing. I dont think that the Duke is mad, but I believe it is more of what possesses his mind and his heart. He has this burning love for this woman but does not understand why the love is not returned. However the lover in On the Departure Platform shows a great deal of emotion. His woman has left him and left him empty handed and heart broken. In reality, this familiarises itself with the Duke as both men face rejection from their loved ones, however the way in which the chose to deal with this rejection couldnt be more different. One kills his wife and the other allows his lover to go. This point emphasises the contrasting attitudes toward women and relationships of the characters.

Islam Spread Essays - Monotheistic Religions, Conversion To Islam

Islam Spread Islam is known as one of the fastest-expanding religions in history. Only contained in Arabia in 632, its conquests led to its expansion to Persia and Egypt by 656, and to Africa, Spain, and other parts of Persia by 750. Many methods were used in order to spread to such an extensive empire. Muslims were very reasonable people. They were tolerant, and offered many alternatives to the other religions of conquered lands. Mohammed once stated that another religion can either believe in Islam, or pay to keep his own religion. He would give the religions protection in exchange for obedience. Mohammed, however, threatens the lives of children or elders related to those who did not obey (Document1). This was one of his most powerful methods of obtaining new lands. Another method used by Mohammed was that he offered many reasons to other religions as to why they should convert to Islam. First and foremost, he offered them direction and guidance to heaven, which, alongside Muslims, was an eagerly anticipated place by Christians and Jews (Document 2). The writer of History of Arabs (Document 3) describes the Muslim people as those who consider each other equals under Allah, and who worship him to the fullest. They would rather be in heaven with him than a child under him on earth. The expansion of Islam was also obviously obtained by means of conquering lands around Arabia. The impression of surrounding lands on the Muslim army is that they were strong, determined, relentless fighters who conquered any land they pleased. They had countless weapons and a drive that could cut through thick steel (Document 4). Despite these characteristics, however, they would only fight upon attack, in self defense (Document 6). The expansion of Islam was viewed by many as the most reasonable expansion of any religion. It was believed that the Christians were below the Muslims in that they fought whenever possible, and persecuted all other religions. Despite the belief of spiritual drive for conquest, some believe the expansion of Islam was due to the deep desire for a more modern life (Document 7); they were driven to settle in the fertile crescent in order to obtain these modern luxuries, rather than make spiritual achievements more primitive areas. There were many ways by which the Muslims conquered surrounding lands. Alternatives, benefits, and warfare were simply three such means of achieving such power and conquest.

Do The Criticized Deserve The Personal Attacks of The Criticizer †Ethics Essay

Do The Criticized Deserve The Personal Attacks of The Criticizer – Ethics Essay Free Online Research Papers Do The Criticized Deserve The Personal Attacks of The Criticizer Ethics Essay In front of their faces, most of us act civilly to the people in our lives. Yet all of us have criticized some of them behind their backs. I too, have done this in the past. However, now that I am older, my experiences with my family, friends and even acquaintances have led me to become repulsed with the whole notion of criticizing people behind their backs. Keep in mind that I am not talking about war criminals and murderers; I am talking ordinary people whom we encounter on a daily basis in our lives, like the school bus driver or the cashier at the supermarket. In almost all the situations which I have witnessed I find the criticizer to be unjust in one or more of three ways. Firstly, if the attacks are personal in nature, it has been my experience that the criticized never deserve the personal attacks of the criticizer. In almost every instance, the victims’ characters are abused base on one of their minor flaws or annoying habits. From the time when I was young, I was taught to hate the sin, not the sinner. (As simple and logical as that is, I find that very few people follow this rule.) Everyone has many different sides, and it is unfair to judge someone based on just one act or one aspect of their personality. Besides this tendency to transfer abhorrence of the act to the person, I have found that a lot of the criticizers often act out the very crimes they condemn. My parents, for example, always verbally abuse with great relish drivers who make a rather dangerous move, yet I have seen them drive in a similar manner themselves on several occasions when they were in a hurry. This hypocritical behaviour is not limited to my parents. When circumstances prescribe it, many of my friends and acquaintances have done the deeds which they denounce when another acts it. If the attacks don’t fit into either of the two situations above, I still find a problem with people criticizing each other behind their victims’ backs. More often than not, I see the criticizers to act perfectly pleasant when their victim is doing the very act which bothers them. Why don’t they try to eliminate that which is bothering them by honestly explaining how they feel to their faces? That is because most people don’t like to deal with the consequences of their actions. Rather than pointing out the mistake to their victims’ faces so that they may correct the situation, people prefer to avoid the confrontation that will invariably follow and to hurt their victims in a way that leaves no messy business for themselves to deal with. They put people down, feel good about themselves, and the only thing that lasts is the tarnish upon their victim’s reputation. Granted there are exceptions to this rule. There are certainly people who criticize the behaviours of other people only after countless fruitless confrontations. The extreme rarity of it in my experiences, however, has done nothing to change my disgust in the act. Despite my heated comments, I don’t hate these criticizers. This only one side of them, and I have seen enough of their good qualities to know that they are decent people. Besides harming the reputation of their victims, however, I feel that in doing these acts they also harm themselves. They have wrongly convinced themselves that certain people are annoying and irritating. Unless they break out of this mindset, they will forever be under that illusion and be deprived of the company and things that their victims can teach them. Expand, ENDING -metaphor Negative division, if our words don’t build people, keep your backseat comments in the backseat. I have seen the people around me, my family, friends, acquaintances and even fictional characters, in the roles of the criticizer and criticized, and my descriptions hold true in almost all of these cases. If the attacks were ad hominem, it has been my experience that the criticized never deserve the personal attacks of the criticizer. If the attacks were ad rem, I find that in a lot of cases, the criticizers do the very act they condemn when the circumstance prescribes it. Even if this isn’t the case, and the act is something which they would never, ever do, I find it unfair that the criticizers blacken the person’s name behind their backs rather than attempt to correct their behaviour by criticizing them to their faces. Besides these immediate victims, these constant unjustified criticisms can certainly lower one’s view on humanity, as they never think back and analyse, I shouldn’t have thought and said these things. They’d just think, people are al jerks. Some might call it making excuses for lowlife. I call it a logical method that helps you love your fellow man, which is what we are called to do. Research Papers on Do The Criticized Deserve The Personal Attacks of The Criticizer - Ethics EssayCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized TestingUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTwilight of the UAW

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Knowledge Management - Essay Example It is also regarded as the only advantage that a firm can have over the others for it to be able to survive in a business environment that is unpredictable. Through knowledge management, an organization will be able to view all its processes as knowledge processes which include creation of knowledge, dissemination, upgrading of knowledge and all this will ensure the survival of the organization. Knowledge management requires the involvement of people, technology and processes that are in continuous interaction with each other. Knowledge management ensures the survival of organizations in a business world which keeps changing day by day due to the stiff competition. Organization of knowledge requires responsibility of knowledgeable employees and specialists who will be able to manage knowledge as an intangible asset. The process of knowledge management therefore requires the implementation of the following for it to be effective and they are: knowledge creation, knowledge collection, knowledge organization, knowledge refinement and knowledge dissemination. An ideal knowledge organization is one in which employees who are in different fields are able to exchange and produce knowledge by using technology. This way knowledge will be internalized and adopted within the culture of the organization. Knowledge creation and transfer (sharing) are the main basis of the success of a company in this era as they determine the way in which organization leaders will develop intellectual capital. In order for companies to be able to compete successfully, they have to ensure that they create knowledge through hiring, developing and maintaining competent and excellent managers as they will be able to accumulate valuable knowledge assets. Organizations have to keep creating new knowledge continuously as knowledge keeps changing and it can become obsolete in the future (IchijÃ…  & Nonaka, 2007, 4). Tacit and explicit are the

Corporate Social Responsibility Adds to Brand Value Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Adds to Brand Value - Essay Example The relationship between CSR and brand value can be characterized as quite close. The specific relationship is reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is given on the potentials of CSR to add brand value. The literature published in regard to this subject has been reviewed. The studies reviewed indicated that CSR has a key role in adding brand value. However, the above role is not standardized in firms worldwide. Rather, it is depended on the position of each firm in the global market, the organizational structure and the local culture and ethics. Indeed, consumers worldwide are not likely to be equally affected by the performance of an organization in regard to CSR, even if the value of the organization as a business unit is highly influenced by the level at which CSR rules are incorporated in the organization’s strategies. 2. Corporate social responsibility and brand value 2.1 Corporate social responsibility – overview In order to understand the involvement of CSR in adding brand value, it is necessary to describe the context of CSR, as developed in modern organizations. In accordance with Hennigfeld et al. (2007) the corporate social responsibility can be described as an activity of ‘undertaking business in an ethical way in order to achieve sustainable development, not only in economic terms, but also in the social and environmental sphere’ (Hennigfeld et al. 2007, in Mead and Andrews 2009, p.429). In other words, corporate social responsibility, as part of organizational environment, can be characterized as a framework of rules aiming to secure that the operations of a particular firm is ethical, as referring to the labour laws, the environment and so on. The CSR framework of each organization is usually based on the local ethics, laws and culture. However, when the firm operates in the global market its CSR rules need to be also aligned with the international laws and principles governing various organizational activities. T he plan of CSR within modern organizations is presented in Figure 1, Appendix. Through the specific graph it is clear that CSR defines the relationship between the organization and its stakeholders, including the customers, the government and the communities. The level at which these relationships are developed or not affects the firm’s image in the market, including its brand image. In practice, it has been proved that CSR is used as a tool for promoting brand value. At the first level, such trend can be understood since CSR affects the firm’s image in the market, including its brand image. However, the terms under which CSR can be involved in adding brand value are not quite clear. The context of the use of CSR for adding brand value is described below, referring to the practical implications of the relationship between CSR and brand image. 2.2 How corporate social responsibility adds brand value Branding is closely related to CSR. Their relationship can be described as follows: firms that have been found to violate the law in regard to labour relations or the environment are not likely to be welcomed by consumers in the developed countries (Visser, Matten and Tolhurst 2010). The activities of the above firms in the developing countries would be also negatively affected. Indeed, producers in these countries would not trust such organizations and would prefer to

The 3M Company Case Study Essay Example for Free

The 3M Company Case Study Essay Introduction The 3M Company is a $18 billion diversified technology company with leading positions in health care, safety, electronics, telecommunications, industrial, consumer and office, and other markets. Headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota, 3M has operations in more than 60 countries, serving customers worldwide. 3M is one of the top 50 Fortune 500 companies and has been one of Fortune magazines ten most admired corporationsfor the last ten years. Since its founding in 1902, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company has become one of the worlds most innovative and productive companies. 3Ms primary growth strategy is to sell more existing products into new markets and to introduce new products into new or existing markets.3M mission is to be the most innovative enterprise and the preferred supplier to customers. 3M vision is to sastisfy customers with superior quality, value, and service. A division of the 3M Company, 3M Health Information Systems, the largest and one of the fastest-growing of 3Ms seven major businesses, serves medical, dental, pharmaceutical, and personal care markets. 3M Health Information Systems is a leading provider of advanced software tools and services that help health care organizations capture, classify, and manage accurate health care data. With more than 20 years of industry experience, 3M Health Information Systems solutions help ensure the quality of data and the processes that drive an organizations ability to manage revenue, comply with regulations, improve the quality of patient care, and manage resources effectively. Read more: 3MÂ  Organizational Structure Through this paper, 4 main points will be discussed in order to identify the position of 3M strategy regarding its innovation management,especially in the health care division . First of all, lets identify the main issues of 3M affecting its innovation management. The second point will be to discuss the national system of innovation in health care.As a third point , three academical framework will be applied to 3M innovation management. Lastly , based on the findings get on analysis of the theories , some recommendations will be suggested to improve 3M innovation management. Section 1: select an organisation and outline the main problems which impact on the effective innovation management.In answering this part of the question you may, if appropriate, provide examples of recent innovation in product, services or process. In the field of innovation management , 3M is the leader. 3Ms corporate strategy shows anyway some internal and external concerns which impact the effective innovation management put in place at 3M. The first concern which come up is that 3M has established a corporate goal of generating 30% of sales from products introduced within the previous four years. In striving to attain this goal, the company spends 7 cents of every sales dollar on R D more than twice the average of U.S. manufacturing companies.It could be seen as too much concentration of innovations even if they are not necessary in the market. According to William Coyne, 2001 at 3M, in recognition that product life cycle are becoming shorter, the company has recently set up a new goal of 10 per cent of sales coming from product less than a year old. But as most business leader would acknowledge that developing genuianely new products is a high risk activity : industrial product have only a 50:50 chance of being succesfull, while consumer goods fare even worse , with a one ten chance of succeeding . In attempt to meet the 30% or 10% rule, the employees strive to introduce new innovations on the products, even if those innovations do not add any value to the customers whilst the company is heavily spending on RD. The second concern which was noted related to 3M innovation management. Gundling, E. (2000) argues that 3M declared victory too early .In fact 3M has a high publicity and reputation for innovation and this lead to over confidence resulting that every employee believe that they are all innovators .So there is noone to set the standards for innovation, against which innovation performance can be assessed. The troubles that afflicted 3M is the environment that encourages people to work around and defy their superiors and a determination to let the company follow where its scientists and customers lead.However , it is important for 3M employee not to fall into the trap of happy self deception or to be content with just incremental products.In fact , according to William Coyne (2001), the company top managers were very concerned that too much of the companys growth was coming from incremental improvement to existing products. The third drawbacks that 3M has is the fact that they produce overwhelming too many products than what overseas subsidiaries can manage to market . Ernest Gundling (2000) argues that subsidiaries employees are trying to serve the needs of numerous 3m divisions simultaneously , some employees are kept so busy dealing with US or regional headquaters that they lack the time to focus on their customers. As a result 3M is very big but acts small. Each of 3Ms 45 product divisions constitute a business in itself with its specific customer base, with its own general manager, marketing director, technical director, human resources director, manufacturing director, and national sales manager (Coyne, 1997). 3M is a highly decentralized company, but care is taken to decentralize to units that are large enough to be self-standing and, therefore, capable of funding their own RD. On the other hand, 3M attempts to prevent divisions from getting so large that individual innovations do not count. 3Ms strong belief in divisional autonomy is countervailed by the corporate requirements of a high level of innovativeness and interdivisional knowledge-sharing (Goold et al.,1994, p.203). Fourthly , according to Gundling, E. (2000),3M still unofficially practices lifetime employment. It is possible to get fired, but normally only for a serious ethical breach, gross imcompetence , lack of motivation, or negligence. When the company decided to reduce their workforce , the only concern they face is how to preserve the experience and sense of dedication that will ensure continued innovation in the company.In fact people laid off because of their performance or early retirement are well attracted by others firms to work and share the knowledge they acquire through 3M experience. Finally 3M face not only internal concerns as seen before but external environnement affect as well its innovation management. In fact according to Gundling, E. (2000), when a product has been approved for marketing, 3m still have to wait the review from the regulatory agencies in other countries.This could slow down the innovation process of the company for instance for the launch of the Aldara cream. Section B : Briefly indicate how the National System of Innovation influences the company s ability to manage innovation. According to Tidd, J. et al (2001), the national system of innovation in which a firm is embedded, strongly influences both the direction and the vigour of its own innovation activities. He identifies three national factors that influence the rate and direction of innovation, National market incentives and pressures; competencies in production and research; and institutions for corporate governance. The innovation policy whereby 3M scientists hold regular meetings with customers allows the company to utilise knowledge available on the market, for its innovation management. In relation to health care products, 3M is forced to keep innovating due to intense competition and regulation in the US. Competition does also promote innovation by providing opportunity for formation of alliances to share costs and risks in risky and costly projects. 3M enjoys national competencies in production and research through the availability of universities with which it has research links. US, as a nation also ranks high among nations with good innovation environment indicators. The nation has steadily increased its RD expenditure (as a percentage of GNP) from 0.99% to 1.60% between 1967 and 1998. Tidd, J. et al (2001) estimated that US per capita and per researcher RD expenditure was US $ 650 and US $ 169,650 respectively. RD Personnel ratio was estimated at 3,700 per million population. Tidd, J. et al (2001) posit that increased share of RD expenditure as a percentage of GDP for USA (as well as Germany and Japan) has been responsible for the growth of major firms in pharmaceuticals and telecommunication. USA has also good institutions that promote RD. These include, the National Institute of Health, which is a government funded body active in biotechnology RD . Section C: Select three analytical frameworks from the course as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of the organization s approach to innovation management. There is 3 theoritical framework that could applied to 3M innovation management concept . The first model that could be applied to 3M innovation management is the Knowledge creation Model . According to Professor Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995), there is two types of knowledge :Tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge .Through this dynamic interaction between the two types of knowledge, personal knowledge becomes organizational knowledge. And the organizational knowledge or intellectual infrastructure of an organization encourages its individual members to develop new knowledge through new experiences. This dynamic process is the key to organizational knowledge creation. This interaction between the two types of knowledge brings about what we call four modes of knowledge conversion that is, socialization (from individual tacit knowledge to group tacit knowledge), externalization (from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge), combination (from separate explicit knowledge to systemic explicit knowledge), and internalization (from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge). Socialization is a process of creating common tacit knowledge through shared experiences. For socialization, we need to build a field of interaction, where individuals share experiences and space at the same time, thereby creating common unarticulated beliefs or embodied skills. In the case of 3M , personal tacit knowledge which 3M requires through their recruitment process to only take knowledgeable employees and that tacit knowledge will be transferred through team working , for instance the division managers nust know each staffers first name(Mitchell,1991). Externalization is a process among individuals within a group. During such face-to-face communication people share beliefs and learn how to better articulate their thinking, though instantaneous feedback and the simultaneous exchange of ideas. This mode is triggered by a dialog. In fact when an employee come up with a product idea, he or she recruits an action team to develop it(Mitchell,1991). Combination is a process of assembling new and existing explicit knowledge into a systemic knowledge, such as a set of specifications for a prototype of a new product. Often, a newly created concept should be combined with existing knowledge to materialize it into something tangible. For instance according to Gundling, E. (2000), 3Ms Technical Forum is a means for all technical people share technologies, practices, policies, and procedures. Exchange of technical personnel knowledge to different divisions, or other countries where 3M has operations, is common. Internalization is a process of embodying explicit knowledge into tacit, operational knowledge such as know-how. This mode is triggered by learning by doing or using. Explicit knowledge documented into text, sound, or video formats facilitates the internalization process. Therefore, manuals, a quintessential example of explicit knowledge, are widely used for internalization. That has been done in 2002 when 3M published the book which is a compilation of 3M voices, memories, facts and experiences from the companys first years : The innovation century , the 3M story. The second model that could be applied to 3m innovation management is the culture-innovation model The innovative culture of 3M has been the driving force for the companys continuous innovation and growth into a major world-wide, large-scale manufacturer. Applying the theory developed by Teece, we assessed that 3M has developed complementary assets, in terms of research ability residing in individual knowledge and technical expertise held by 3M scientists. Furthermore, this culture has helped the company develop dynamic capabilities by analysing and anticipating future customer needs (opportunities) and translating these opportunities into product novelty, by combining various complementary assets in a competitive, hardly inimitable way. 3M is a company whose culture has led to thousands of new products every year for decades, probably the premiere company in bringing new products to market. 3Ms development process is dramatically different from most, yet it is highly successful at new product development. Innovative new products from 3M because of a well-thought-out set of mechanisms which support emergent activity. 3Ms corporate strategies explicitly promote an innovative spirit. These strategies include: 30% if sales must result from products less than 4 years old; technical people can spend 15% of their time on projects of their own choosing; every division has access to technologies developed anywhere in the company and has the responsibility to share the technological needs of its customers throughout the company. 3Ms corporate culture is very supportive of risk taking, teamwork, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Failure is viewed as a learning experience; employee relations are informal and on a first-name basis; the technological base is diversified and technological exchange is encouraged throughout the company; and 3M maintains a strong commitment to develop customer-driven products. These principles have all been followed at 3M for decades. The specific human resource (HR) strategy helps 3M foster innovation, retain research talent and reduce the employee turnover by giving scientists personal research time, rewarding innovation and adopting a constructive approach towards product failures. As shown in the case, the specific HR policy along with the innovative culture has been the milestones in the development and the success of the company over several decades of operation. By providing the framework for innovation, 3M allows the innovation process to be controlled almost entirely by the individual scientists, who are encouraged to think outside the square and develop new products within the specifications required by the market. The third framework that will apply 3M innovation management will be the organic structure. The organic structure is more flexible, more adaptable to a participative form of management, and less concerned with a clearly defined structure. The organic organization is open to the environment in order to capitalize upon new opportunities. Organic organizations have a flat structure with only one or two levels of management. Flat organizations emphasize a decentralized approach to management that encourage high employee involvement in decisions. In 3M, this translates into a structure where most employees network into at least five levels: department, division, group, sector and company. For purposes of innovation, the key level is the division. Each of the companys 40-some divisions develops, manufactures and sells its own products, and each has a structure appropriate to its market. Most divisions include functional departments division labs, manufacturing, marketing, sales, logistics and so forth as well as cross-functional teams. 3Ms resulting formal structure may look like a bureaucracys analytical hierarchy on an organization chart. But, in fact, the structure acts less like a bureaucratic prison than a platform, from which employees are expected to learn and serve customers. For instance, like the units in a living thing, the departments in any division have semi-permeable boundaries. Sales people arent trained only in sales. They learn about their divisions technology so they can describe products to customers. Moreover, theyre expected to work with people in the marketing and research departments of their divisions and to network across the company. Similarly, technical and manufacturing people regularly visit customers manufacturing facilities to learn about their operations. As a result, they sometimes see possible uses of 3M products those customers havent thought of. As an example, about 15 years ago, technical people were visiting an auto manufacturers factory and learned that the rivets they used to hold side molding to doors were rusting. So the technical people went back to the lab and developed an acrylic foam tape that replaced the rivets and solved the problem. Additionally, 3M has a flexible organisational structure, with a dual ladder approach, allowing employees with technical background to advance in their career without having to switch to management. Furthermore, we assessed that the dual ladder reveals a matrix internal corporate organisational structure allowing the firm to react promptly to market opportunities and assemble quickly multi-disciplinary teams of employees. This internal organisational structure is not visible from the outside and it is not easy to be copied by competitors, due to the high complexity of the relationships that establish within this matrix (span of command and delegation of authority). Section D: Based on your analysis in section C explain how the organization could improve the management of innovation: Based on the findings in the third question 3M has managed to innovate continuously and create a large pool of products (over 30,000 products), achieving continuous profitable growth over time. So suggesting new recommendations for the improvement of 3M innovation management is a difficult approach but any company even 3M has some limitation so few suggestions will be recommendable : As explained in the third question, the lack of a system to guide product developers who are seeking to create breakthroughs is a problem even for a company like 3M, long known for its success with innovation. The innovation culture the company has nurtured and the continuous investments in research and development (RD) over several decades has helped 3M get deep roots in several competencies for instance in applied technology for health care. But willing to create although very new products and services may be essential to future growth and profit, companies must first survive to get to the future. That necessity tends to focus companies strongly on making incremental improvements in order to keep sales up and current customers and Wall Street analysts happy. Second, developers simply dont know how to achieve breakthroughs, because there is usually no effective system in place to guide and support their efforts. Employees knows only that 30% of sales must come from products that had not existed four years earlier. So even if the product could have a life cycle more than four years , 3M reduce it in order to comply to the rule. For the Medical-Surgical Markets Division to secure future growth it would be advisable that the division maintain a balance between incremental and revolutionary innovation. As well as promoting more the activities like marketing or branding for the product created in the health care division because the cost of investment put in place for the creation of thoses products will be only recovered if the product stays in the market longer than 3M would. By shortering the product life cycle , it increases the RD expenditure. Even the most effective innovating firms such as 3M may create organizational bureaucracy that slows down innovation. The most successful innovators know that just spending more on RD is not enough; neither is anticipating customer needs. 3M employs a strategy of high decentralization and autonomy for its divisions, or units. In reality 3M also does not follow the traditional approach to organizational design. 3M consistently achieves its goal of having 15 percent of its revenue come from new products by providing managers with the latitude to move from one business unit or laboratory to another without bureaucratic obstruction. It is during the knowledge creation process that Project groups, operating with few constraints from the formal organization, come together to accomplish a task and disband when their work is completed. One of my recommendation regarding the 3M structure is to merge RD with Sales and Marketing, subsequently creating a number of small cross-departmental innovation teams. Realignment of goals and business planning would be crucial during this phase and reappointment according to respective areas of expertise must be communicated positively, offering alternative thoughtfully designed posts, linking salary to performance. Linkage between these teams must be fabricated carefully. By creating this as an independant workforce they will be delegating responsibility , flexibility.They will be able to access fast, good communication will be involve to share the available information. This approach will enable the company to retain all the insight and move on quickly to the next step on a real time basis. . By allowing RD , Sales and Marketing to mix and to participate in decision-making, their suggestions could have changed the outcome by allowing them to respond in a timely manner and adjust their strategies to fit their consumers. It is also recommended to start with small grouping of activities because it is reducing risk and remain tight control and maintain that organic structure put in place within 3M. Finally creating independent small units that can rapidly respond to customers needs or changes in the business environment. The supervisor tends to have a more personal relationship with his or her employees in order to motivate them to succed in their object ives. Summary : 3M, which obtains 30% of sales from new products within four years, offers an example of how a culture of innovation can take root and become integral to the continuing success of a company after nearly a century. Even if 3M is the model of innovation management for other companies, it has some limitations in its proper culture, structure and HRM policy which lead 3M to make some improvements that enable them to excell in their competitive advantage.The national system of innovation is the foundation of their actual direction. After analysing the three theoritical frameworks , there is no doubt that 3M innovation management provide the effectiveness at all level. Total Word Count: 3108 Section A: 569 Section B: 283 Section C: 1321 Section D: 935 Reference: 3M Company, 2002, A Century Of Innovation, 3M Company, USA 3M Company Annual Report, 2003 3M Company, USA Achtmeyer, W.F. (2002), 3M Corporation, Centre for Global Leadership, available on http://mba.tuch.dartmouth.edu Boxal, P. and Purcel, J., (2003), Strategy and Human Resource Management, PalgraveMacMillan, New York. Cobbenhagen, J. (2000), Successful Innovation: Towards a new theory for the management of small and medium-sized entreprises, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, UK Cohen, W., Nelson, R. and Walsh, J. (2002), Links and Impacts: The influence of public research on industrial RD, Management Science, Vol. 48, pp 1-23 Frohman (1980) in Cobbenhagen, J. (2000), Successful Innovation: Towards a new theory for management of small and medium sized entrprises, Edward Edgar Publishing Ltd, UK). Goold, Campbell and Alexander (1994), Corporate Level Strategy: Creating value in the multi-business company, John Wiley and Sons, New York Gundling, E. (2000), The 3M-way to innovation: Balancing people and profit, Kodansha, London Larkins, R.J., (2000), Government research program briefing, available on http://www.fas.org/man/congress/2000/000510-larkins_may_10.htm Lorentzen, A. (2003), Knowledge and knowledge bases in the learning process of Polish companies, Aalborg University, available on http://www.druid.dk/conferences/summer 2003 Minnesota Statutes, 2003, Ch 116J. 885, available on http://www.state.mn.us/stats/116J/ Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), The knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford Press, New York. Porter, M.E. 1998, Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustenance of superior performance, Free Press, New York Mitchell Russel,(1991), Masters of innovation : How 3M keeps its new product coming Terziovski, M. Samson, D and Glassop, L. (2001), Creating Corporate Competence through management of organisational innovation, Research paper, available on http://www.fsed.org/research/projects , 2001. Thomas Swan, Top twenty innovators: The mothers of inventions, available on http://www.thomas_swan.co.uk (2004) Thomhe, S. and Von Hippel, E. (2002),Harvard Business Review, April,pp74-81 Tidd, J., Bessant, J. and Pavitt, K. (2002), Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organisational Change (2nd edn), John Wiley Sons Inc, USA Von Hippel, E., Thomhe, S. and Sonnach, M. (1999), Breakthroughs to order at 3M, Sloan School of Management, available on http://web.mit.edu/evhippel

My Personal Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy Teachers have been a part of my life for as far back as I can remember. Different individuals have shown me so much in a variety of capacities: some worked in a classroom, some coached me outside of it, and some individuals have simply been a model for how to live a rich life. I consider them all teachers. My decision to become a teacher is founded in the idea that it is one of the most direct ways to influence young people. I believe that students do look upon teachers as role models, sometimes even as they pledge dislike for teachers to their classmates. I have already been working with youth of various ages for several years in the capacity as a tennis coach. I thoroughly enjoy participating in the development of each student’s quest to improve. One of the shining moments of the job is when a student has successfully attained a skill that has been difficult for them. Instantly they understand that effort and intellect have combined to bring them success, a model they can follow far beyond the court. That experience is something that I intend to bring to a classroom and a school system in general, combining the personal growth of a student with the ability to improve one’s grasp of subject matter. For a student to achieve genuine personal growth is not always a simple process, nor is it for any individual, including myself. It is one that I expect will be more difficult when I am not dealing with a student alone or in a small group but with a class of twenty or more students. It is important to both challenge the actively involved student and to draw in the shy or disinterested one. Especially as an English teacher, I feel that it is important to make myself relatable to students early in the year. That being said, it is also important to establish a certain bar of expectation right away. This is a delicate balance as students who look at a teacher (particularly a young one) too personally are likely to attempt to take advantage of the bond. Meanwhile, students are given very little incentive to work hard when the teacher comes across as uncaring or highly authoritarian.

Theory of Occupational Therapy

OT is the art (because it is very individualized) and science of enabling engagment in everyday living, through occupation; of enabling people to perform the occupations that foster healsth and well-being; and of enabling a just and inclusive society (things that are done to advocate on their behalf in world of education, funding etc. ) so that lal peopl emay participate to their potential in the dialy occupations of life.OT is the art (because it is very individualized) and science of enabling engagment in everyday living, through occupation; of enabling people to perform the occupations that foster healsth and well-being; and of enabling a just and inclusive society (things that are done to advocate on their behalf in world of education, funding etc. ) so that lal peopl emay participate to their potential in the dialy occupations of life.Theory of Ocupational Therapy OT is very client- centered: how the individual defines the activity is what is important Hisotry of OT Early 1900s: there was a shift toward understanding that it was important to be healthy and happy- started mostly in mental health (started in mental asylems with occupational aids) realized that when there were given jobs and were meaningfullly occupied they got better quickerDunton 1919: occupation is as necessary to life as food and drink; every human being should have both physical and mental occupations; all should have occupations which they engoy, or hobbies; sick minds, sick bodies and sick souls may be healthed thru occupation – thus ocupation was defined as both the domain of concern and the theapeutic medium of occupational therapyWWI: Diversional therapy: to divert attention away from injury and illness The war lsted much longer – so many more disbled than had anticipated, found that diverting attention away from their physial problems really helped them War-aids: the early Ots, helped adapt activities for soldiers to participate in society (worked mostly with individu als who had a loss of limb) 0s- 90s: Therapeutic shift : curative potential of actibities not occupation Enablement of meaningful occupation: focus on occupational roles in society First Canadian occupational therapy guidelines on client-centred practice did not refer to occupation – but rather to the â€Å"therapeutic use of activity’ Present: focusing on enablement of meaningful occupation: focus on occupational roles in society – not just about giving people something to doOccupation Groups of activities and tasks of everydy life, named, organized and given meaning by individuals and a culture, It iseverything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care0, enjouing life (leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities (productivity) Shows that it is more than work – they are human activities or tasks organized to fulfil a particular function OccupationGroups of activities and tasks of everydy life, named, organized and given meaning by individuals and a culture, It iseverything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care0, enjouing life (leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities (productivity) Shows that it is more than work – they are human activities or tasks organized to fulfil a particular function Definitions Enabling occupation:OT is necessary when solutions to engagement in the occupations of everyday living become a challenge, or are at risk of becoming a challenge; when solutions to performing or engaging in desired occupations become difficult Collaborating with people to choose, organize and perform occupations which people find useful or meaningful in a given environment Engage: doing or participating, draw into, involve others, involve oneself, becomes occupiedTask: set of purposeful activities in which a person engages i. e writing a report Activity: basic unit of a tas k, singular pursuit that contributes to the completion of a task Occupation is braoder than either of these as it encompasses more than one task, while tasks encompass more than one activity Key Features of Occupations: 1) Affects Health 2) organize time and brings structure to life 3) brings meaning to life ) are idiosyncratic – very individualized occupations can also be maladaptive- risky, unhealthy, illegal and illicit – eg. Smoking Basic Human Need Dundons credo about occupation demonstrates how occupation is a basic human need Occupations provide people with a flow experience: demands of an occuption are in harmony with the skills of the person and the environment in which the occupation is performed Determinants of HealthHealth is viewed as more than the absence of disease and is infuenced by what people do in everyday life In 20th century occupation was discovered to have a motivating effect on wonded soldiers coming home from war Alma Ata Declaration of Health for All by the Year 2000 made clear that health depends on people having meaninful occupations which provide them with housing, empoyment, community and enjoymentSource of meaning Psychological motivation and volition are dependent on people finding meaning in the occupations that comprise their everyday life The meaning of an occupation is individual and culturally determined Meaning differs from purpose in occupation – can be meaninful to person/ group without any identifiable purpose Source of PurposeThere is no universal classification of the purpose of occupation Canadian therapist defined 3 main purposes 1) self care, 2) productivity, and 3) leisure But it is relly determined by individual needs and desires within an environmental context Athough classification is arbitrary it offs a convenient and manageable way of explaing occupation to clients, professionals , also helps prompt Ots to think about the full range of occupations in a life Source of Choice and Control C ontrol is more than choice.People may make choices about their occupations but have little control to act on choices. There is an element of personal control when people show persistence or find creative ways of following up on their choices. Contol is dependent on opportunities provided by the environment Source of Balance and Satisfaction Balance refers to the pattern of occupation over days or years Personal views of balance are influenced by cultrual and other environmental expectations Descriptor Occupation can be used as a descriptor of hman behaviours to provide new perspectivesabout occupation Occupational: . Behaviour: aspect or class of human action that encompasses mental and physical doing 2. Competence: adequacy or sufficency in an occupational skill, meeting all requirements of an environment 3. Dvelopmetn: gradual change in occupational behaviour over time, resulting from the growth and maturation of the individual in interaction with the environment 4. Performance: t he actual execution or carrying out of an occupation 5. Function: usual or required occupations of an individual Person * Believe in worth of all persons – holistic view New Canadian Model of Occupational Performance presents the person as integrated whole who incorporatses spirituality, social and cultural experiences, and observable occupational performance Spirituality (uniquely and truly human) * Has always been important in canadian OT – early badge that Ots ware depicted inegration of mind, body and spirtit * Recognizes inrinsic value and respecting their beliefs, values and goals, regardless of ability, age or other characteristics – * Consideration of S is a way of developing a clear appreciation for the uniqueness of each person in the occupational therapist-person relationshipPerformance * OT has traditionally attended to the performacne components which contribute to successful engagement in occupation * 3 performance componants include: 1. affective: the domain that comprises social and emotional functions and includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal factors 2. cognitive (thinking): the domain that comprises all mental functions both cognitive and intellectual, and includes, among other things, perception, concentration memory etc 3. physical (doing: the domain that comprises all seonsory, motor and sensorimotor functions occupational performance the result of a dynamic relationship between eprsons, environment and occupation * refers to the ability to choose and satisfactorily perform meaninful occupations that are cultrually defined, and appropriate for looking after one’s self, enjoying life, and contributing to the social ad economic fabric in a community * represents the actual execution or carrying out of occupation and is the experience of a person engaged in ocupation within an environment * person-environment congruence suggests the interdependence f humans and environment – this helps ensure optimal occupational performanceOccupational Life Course: A developmental Perspective * An enlarging spiral diagram shows ones cumulative experience in occupational performance grows over time, even if the number and diversity of occupations diminishes because of aging, disability, enviro, etc. * Occupational development may result in increasing complexity in some occupations but not thers; development of self-care occupations may advance more quickly than development in productivity occupations; or leisure may be omitted when self care and productivity are overwhelming Client Centred Practice: Theme of being client centred in OT emerged in the early 1980s * CC practice refers to collaborative appraochs aimed t enabling occupation with clients who may be individuals, gorups, agencies, governments, corporations or others. Ots demonstrate respect for clients, involve clients indecision making, adocate with and for clients in meeting clients’ needs, and otherwise recognize clients†™ experience and knowledge CC practice refers to collaborative appraochs aimed t enabling occupation with clients who may be individuals, gorups, agencies, governments, corporations or others.Ots demonstrate respect for clients, involve clients indecision making, adocate with and for clients in meeting clients’ needs, and otherwise recognize clients’ experience and knowledge Started to emerge in the 1940s-mid 1960s – started in social work * Underlying theme is recognition of the autonomy of the indiviudal person even though persons are understood to be interdependent in their environment * It represents an ethical stance by occupational therapists based on democratic ideas of empowerment and justiceClient: individuals who may have occupational problems arising from medical conditions, transitional difficulties, or environmental barriesr, or clients may be organizations hat influence the occupational performance of particular groups or populations Translated i nto practice through proccess of enablement: clients are participents in occupational therapy Recognizes that people are active participants in occupational performance, whereas teatment and caregiving forms of helping are applied to people who are dependent on their helperEnabling: refers to processes of facilitating, guiding, coaching, educating, prompting, listening, reflecting, encouraging, or otherwise collaborating with people so that individuals, groups and agencies or organizations have the means and opportnity to participate in shaing their own lives. Guiding Principles for Enabling Occupation in Client-centred Practice * Base practive on client values, meaning and choice as much as possible * Listen to clients visions * Facilitaite processes for clients envisioning what might be possible * Support clients to examine risks/ consequences Support them to succeed, but also to risk and fail * Respect their own syles of coping or bringing about change * Guide clients to identify needs from their own perspective * Facilitiate clients to choose outcomes that they define as meaninful even if OT doesnt agree * Encourage and actively facilitate clients to participate in decision-making partnership in tharpy, programme planning, and policy formation * Provide info that will answer clients questions in making choices * Offer services that do not overwhelm clients with beuraucracy * Foster open, clear communication Invite them to use their strengths and natural cummunity supports CMOP-E Canadian Model of Ocupational Performance and Engagemet Occupational performance is the relationship between persons, enviro and ocuupation over persons lifespan It refers to the ability to choose, organize, and satisfacotily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and age appropriate for looking after ones’s self, enjoying life, and contribuint to the social and economic fabric of a community The CMOP graphically illustrates an occupational thereapy persp ective on the dynamic relationship between persons, environment and occupation of all ersons Occupation occurs between person and environment Everytime you see a new client you need to think about all the different parts of the * Person – (inner circle) The person in the middle converys Ots cient-cenred perspective, attends to the individuals occupational needs in his/her specific environment * spirituality (drive- essence) , * physical (strength, ROM, paralysis) * cognitive * affective (mood, mental health side) * Occupation (middle circle) * Selfcare * Productivity * Leisure * Environment (idea that occupation occurs in an environment) (outer circle) * Social Cultural (stigma based on religious view etc. – culture of university/ family) * Institutional (policies, guidelines and practices about what can/can’t do) * Physical (accessibility) Back to first example: Competence- actual or potential ability to engage in occupation * Ex. If you arent a good cook you t end to do other things (frozen/ other person cooks) tend to not continue to do things that you arent good at Deprivation: prevented from taking part in occupation * Very important Development: gradual change in occupational behaviour How do people shape and evolve into the occupational couse of their lives Identity: how you see yourself related to occupational roles * Big part of how we see ourselves Pattern: predictable way of doing occupation PRACTICE Client vs. patient * Individuals are routinely called patients because they need to be taken care of (mainly in acute care) not a lot of choice in decision making Client-centred Practice In OT because you take into consideration what is important to YOU * Collaborative relationship with clients * Clients as active participants in therapy * Client is at the centre of practice Respect for client wishes, goals, and differences Occupational Issues: Clearly distinct from symptoms – not depression, cognition etc Occupational issues BECAUSE of the health issue ‘challenges to occupational engagment†¦ ex/ if you have left sided weakness an occupational issue may be writing, dressing Occupational Performance Issue: Someone with a head injury where there is no physical change – but could be difference in organization Prioritizing OPIs If someone has a head injury and you make a list of all the things you are wondering about – and they confirm that they are effecting them – then you have to prioritize How do you prioritize Find out what is really important to the client * What is safe * Limitations †¢ 35 female Karen married with 2 kids aged 6 and 3 teaches JK, has SCI, uses manual wheelchair ? 10 Possible OPIs? †¢ Child Care ? †¢ Cooking? †¢ Active playing with Kids? †¢ Driving to work? †¢ Changing baby diapers? †¢ Intimacy with Spouse ? †¢ Cleaning ? †¢ Transfers? †¢ Hygiene ? †¢ Social Activities Limited ? o 2 Priority OPIs? â € ¢ Child Care? †¢ Hygiene ? o Treatment for OPIs Using Occupation/Activity ? †¢ Child Care ? Policy change to increase social support? †¢ Hygiene? Shower Seat

Women Are Discriminated Against The Workplace - 2650 Words

There is no debate on whether women are discriminated against in the workplace. It is evident in census data; in 1998 women made $.73 to the dollar of which was paid to men. Even today, there is still a pay gap that exists between women and men. It is said that some of the organizations that are pro-equal pay, including some unions, support the idea that the government should set wages for all jobs. To the contrary, the organizations that are proponents of equal pay are not for job wages being set by the government. They wish to have the discrimination taken out of pay scales from within the company. Commonly, this pay gap is attributed to the fact that women in the United States are still expected to attend to familial obligations over work. Data shows that women do attend to family obligations, like having a child, caring for a sick family member, or caring for an elder; but they also do not give up on work. Yes, women often chose lower paying jobs in exchange for flexible hours and do spend a lower number of hours per week long-term at their jobs than their male counterparts. Because women are socialized to be the primary care givers they are kept at these lower paying jobs that are more flexible, the jobs allow them to care for their family yet still retain an income (possibly a second income for the household). Women’s changing roles in society has resulted in this workplace problem. Women are allowed and often encouraged to work but they are not rewarded orShow MoreRelatedWomen Are Being Discriminated Against The Workplace2082 Words   |  9 Pagesconsidered equal to a man, in the workplace, some would think. The problem and or issue is clear, the discrimination against women in the workplace does exist. Women are being discriminated against in the workplace in regards to pay, promotions, and overall gender. 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